Virtualization is the process of running a complete isolated machine inside another, but with the help of the processor. QEMU works because it does not do virtualization but emulation, which is completely different and explains why QEMU is painfully slow. So your question would more aptly be: "Why don't VirtualBox and VMware Workstation work inside a Hyper-V virtual machine?" One can answer because as a VM, the Intel VT-X instruction are no longer accessible from your virtual machine, only the host has access to it. A special one, but nonetheless a virtual machine. This means that when you enable Hyper-V, your Windows 10 "host" becomes a virtual machine. The main difference is that a level 2 hypervisor is an application running inside an existing OS, while a level 1 hypervisor is the OS itself. VirtualBox and VMware Workstation (and VMware Player) are "level 2 hypervisors." Hyper-V and VMware ESXi are "level 1 hypervisors."
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